1
2
  -2024
  
 ()
 : 3   : 50
:               
-
1.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
(iii) 
(iv) .
2.              
-
3.         
4. .           
-
5.     ,     
2
2
6.   
        
-
7.            
8.          :
(i)
(ii) 
(iii) 
(iv) .
3
2
  -2024
  
 ()
 : 3   : 50
:               
-
1.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
(iii) 
(iv) .
: 1. 
                      
                    
 ()     ,            
                    
       ,             ( )
     
   
1.                
2.  ( )              

3.              ,   

4.  ()-          :
4
2
o          
o         
o       
    
 ( ):     
 ( ):      
 (  ):
 (
   ):
               
2. 
                    
     
                  
      
 "  "      ""        ()  
  ( )       ,  -        
 
   -  
:     
    :
o  
o  
o  
            ,       
3.  ( 
  )
                      
,         
5
2
     ?
    " "    -        
 
 " "    -           
     
 ( ): 
 (   ): 
          ,           

4. 
                 
                  
   
    ?
     
      :
      ,        ( - 
)
      ,        (     
)
       -          
      
  ,              
,       
                   ,
     
   ?
   ,         ,         
               ,    
-   
6
2

    - , ,    -       
 
          
''          
          ()     
                 
 
               
             ,     ,   
          
2.              
:    
        
                  
   (1500   - 500  )           
     ,           
,   ,           
 :  
          ,           :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
                 
                   
   ,       
7
2
     
          ;         
                  ,
                    
     
1.    ,     ,         

2.   (   ):         -
      
3.  : -    ,      ,  ( 
  )           
     
              ,   
   ,                 
        
   
 -      (      -  
  : ,  , , , , , )
          -   
           ,     ,
           
     
  (       )        
 ,          -   -    ,
                  
  :
         
                 
                
8
2
    
       ,             
    :
1. :    ,            
  
2.

:              
3. :           
4. :              
        
       
,      
   
     :
1.                
,       
2. -   : ()   ()      
        
3.              ,
          
4.      :          
      (,   )  

               ,   
                 
               
   - ,              
,               

                   
                
           
9
2
-
3.         
:        
                  
       ,              
                 
      -         , 
         
      ,       
               ,        
      
,              
1.     
    24            :
1.    ( 12     12  )
2.   (  12    12  )
           :
A.     
 ( 6     12  )
  (12    6  )
.  
 ( 6    12  )
 (12   6  )
         
2.      ?
                     
    -        -    
:
10
2
             , -     
       
                     
  ,      
               
 ,      
               
   
 ,                

3.      
       ( )         :
.   () -  12    12     
         
    ()  ()    (   )   
  ,   -       
:   (),   ( )
.   () -  12   12     
        
    ()   ()   
   ,         
:   (),   ( )
4.      
         :
  
 
  
  ( 4  8 )
,  , 
, , 
 (8   12  )
, 
,  , 
11
2
  
 
  
  (12   4  )
, 
, , 
 (4  8 )
, , 
 , , 
 (8  12 )
,  
, , 
 (12   4  )
,  
, , 
5.    
              
   -           :
             
        
  ,     
   ,     
            
6.     
         ,    :
1.    :         ,     
          
2.  :               

3.    :     ,      
 ,           
7.     
             ,   
           (   )      
                 
     ,        ,     ,
 -      
12
2
     ,             
    
    ,     ,         
            

                 
        ,   ,    
  
     ,   ,        
     -      , 
         
              
                   -  
,              !
4. .           
::          

         ,     
          ,   
                 
  
   
      10 , 1860  ( ), 
     
     ,              
    ,                
               
13
2
   
                , 
             ,        
          ,    (  )  
        
                 
        ,         
       
  
                , 
      ,     -    
      ,       ,      
               :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7.  
8. 
9. 
10. 
            ,    
 
  
                 
    :
1.    -   -       

2.               
14
2
          
   
                  
   ,         ,     
                
(    )      
              ,   
       
     
  , -   -       ,  
            ,    
    ,             
                
 
    
                 
                 
           
  
    ,          ,
                 
,   ,            
 

               
      ,           
            ,  
  ,               
     
       ,           
      
15
2
-
5.     ,     
:               
( )                   
     
    :
1.  (1x )-      
2.  (2x ) -      
3.  (4x )-       
                 
,         ,       
 (12  ))
 12  ()            
,            (  ) :
    |     |     |    
   (1x )
                 
        ,        ( )  
     ,      ,       
  :
           ,         
  
 ,         ,      
    
 
 (2x )
               ,     
  
 
    :
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 
 |   |   |   |  
16
2
         ,   -     
            
   (4x )
              ,      
  
        :
    |     |     |     |     |     | 
   |     |     |     |    |     |     |
    |     |    
            
              
  
  (8  )
           ,         
8      4-4         
    ( ) :
   |    
   (1x )
                  
    
  :
         ,         
         |       .
   (2x )
                     
 

     :
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |  
      -       
            
17
2
   (4x )
      ,         
     :
    |     |     |     |     |     |     | 
  
              
                 

  
1.  ,             ;   
               ,     
     ,   
2.              ,     
    ,        ,  
3.  -   -     ;       
     ;          ;  

              , 
       ,        (12 )
  (8 )               
     
     ,         ,  
   ,      
6.   
        
:   -  
  
   
                  
 ,           ''      
          ,          
          
18
2
    
:
 (  ): ()
 (
   ): ()
: (           )
  :  ( 6    9  )
 ( ):   ,   ,  
  ():,   
   (   )
 ():    ( )    
 ():     ( )   
,      ( )      ,     
        ( )
   
1.               ,   
         
2. Ga  Ni            
3.                
4.      :       ,   
  -       
  

   (16 )    (12 )           
(  )    ()         
  
    (  - 16 )
 ( )
(                )

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16


 




*
 *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
2



 




 


 




 (
 )
(             )

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
*
*
*
*
*
*
 *
*





 



 


*
*
*
*
*
*
 *
*

 



  
1. :
o       
o               
o "   "               
2. :
o            
o            
o         
        
            -     
     ,     ,       -
     
           ,       
   
  :           ,   
       ,         
 

                 
    ,              

            ,    
    
20
2
   ,             ,  
              -   
  
-
7.            
:       
      ,            
                  
           (   )
             ,         
                 
 
   
    1459         ,     (
 )                  ,
             ,       
       ,       ,       

                
                  
    ,        ,      
  ,      
        
          , ,      
                  
                  
     
                  
           ,         
               ,     
   
21
2
     
                    
          ,     
 
     ,              ( 
)             
 ,          ,       
         
       
               
(    )     ,          
           ,       
            
-                - 
                  
                
   ,               
          
    
  ,         ,      
        ,      (  )  
          
    ,               
         ,        
        ,         
    ,      ,      
       
     
                     
           ,      
  ,         
              -   
                   
22
2
  ,               
         

        ,       
 ,                 - 
    ,              
             
,         ,         
                  ,
             ,      
         
8.          :
(i)
(ii) 
(iii) 
(iv) .
:       
        ,   ( )   (  
 )                 
   
,     :
1. 
  
      :
"",    
"",    
           
23
2
   
  ,    (GGS)          ()
               
  ( )   24          , 
     
  
    ,           
        ,       --
   
    
           :
"



,



,


,




"
  : "     ,        ,    
 ,      "
              ,  - 
    
2. 
  
                  
   
    
           ()    
    ,          
                
   
                     
       ,            

    
              ,      50  ,
    () 50          
24
2
   ?
1.               
   
2.              ,   
   
3.             ,   
    
3. 
  
  ""   ,             
 
  ?
    :
-        () 
 , , , ,        
          (  )      

  
1.       ( )       
  
2.               
3.            
   
                 ( 
 )        
,    (  )          

     
           
25
2
                 
  
            
4. 
  
      ,        ,   ()   
       
    
       
      ,          
     ,       ,     
    
      :
"




"
     ,        ()      
   ?
1.                  

2.                ,   
  
3.             ,      
       

             
     ,      
             
               
      ,        
              ,   
             
26
2
:             ( )        
        ,             